Literature Review on Breast Cancer

Globally, a significant number of fresh cases of diagnosed breast cancer women reveal that this condition is abandoned regarding other statistically more regular health problems. Also, it has been portrayed as an orphan condition, in that, the very thorough knowledge concerning the features of the tumor and the indispensable host biology capable of offering basic healthcare is missing. Present global cancer planning, as well as policy strategies, is inappropriate to breast malignancy, with the exemption of dietary commendation. On the other hand, progress with reductions in mortality in some developed states has been accounted (Chan et al., 2014).
According to Puliti (2012), breast cancer remains prevalent in both developing and developed countries (Puliti et al., 2012). The condition is comprised of 16 percent of the entire cancers in women.  Despite the fact that breast cancer is seen to be common in developed countries, most of the deaths about 69 percent take place in developing nations (Chan et al., 2014). A report by Col et al. (2012), outlined that many of the new cases  are at the present in low-  and middle- income nations, where the prevalence is rising by about 5 percent yearly (Col et al., 2012 ).  Breast cancer as Wolff et al. (2013), outlines is the most common Canadian cause of death.  However, the probability life span of a woman developing as well as dying from the disease is 10.7 and 4.0% respectively (Wolff et al., 2013).
The etiology of breast cancer is unknown, but various aspects have been linked to a rise in breast cancer risk. According to Harder, Parlour, and Jenkins (2012), personal history, age and a family history have the most relative dangers. However, in spite of the acknowledgment of the risk factors, about 50% of women who get the disease are without particular risk factors outside being a woman and aging (Harder, Parlour & Jenkins, 2012).
Breast cancer is more often than not first presented as a palpable mass, but it can as well present at first with skin change, nipple discharge, or pain. Wary palpable, as well as a mammographic abnormality of breast lesions, is examined by biopsy. Most masses, particularly in premenopausal women are not malignant. 75-85% of the masses found to be malignant are invasive with the rest percentage in situ. Malignancy in situ is typified by the malignant cells’ proliferation in the breast lobules or ducts devoid of stromal tissue invasion. The main subtypes are DCIS (ductal carcinoma in situ) and LCIS (lobular carcinoma in situ). As compared to DCIS, LCIS remains microscopic as well as is deficient in both mammographic and clinical signs (Harder, Parlour & Jenkins, 2012).
Breasts malignancies are entirely classified with the use of a system, which covers all characteristics of cancer that describe its history. The TNM classification remains founded on the basis that malignancy of very similar anatomic location along with histology share comparable growth and extension models. This system according to Anderson, Schwab, and Martinez (2014) is founded on the primary tumor size (T), the involvement of regional lymph node (N), as well as distant metastasis (M).  Nevertheless, the blend of the TNM categorization points to the degree of cancer during the clinical assessment (Anderson, Schwab & Martinez, 2014).
Breast cancer treatment is varied basing on the extent cancer and individual states. Anderson, Schwab & Martinez (2014) state that surgery remains the frequently used therapeutic measure for most localized breast tumors (Anderson, Schwab & Martinez, 2014).  The most often surgical procedures utilized are lumpectomy with auxiliary lymph node dissection as well as modified radical mastectomy.  The former involves removal of the mass plus an apparent margin of the typical breast that surrounds the tumor, together with auxiliary lymph nodes. However, the latter involves total removal of the entire breast, the auxiliary nodes, and the underlying pectoral fascia (Harder, Parlour & Jenkins, 2012).
The employment of radiation in the treatment of breast cancer has frequently been employed in the recent years.  However, for many early-stage tumors, this method is utilized together with lumpectomy along with a surgical assessment of the auxiliary lymph nodes.  Nevertheless, in bigger but still localized tumors, the axilla, breast, as well as chest wall may perhaps be irradiated after surgical management (Chan et al., 2014). Numerous complications as a result of metastasis may be effectively managed with radiation. In these states, drug or hormone therapy may also be administered. Both radiotherapy and surgery are very efficient in the removal or destruction of malignant tissue in case it is it is identified just where the tumor is and in case nearby normal tissues and organs can be conserved with no injury (Harder, Parlour & Jenkins, 2012). On the other hand, chemotherapy is spread through the body as well as can destroy cancerous cells where they are.  This intervention is frequently employed, as an adjuvant treatment where primary cancer has been managed by radiotherapy or surgery, but a secondary cancer is known to be. It is as well utilized in some states where the tumor is localized (Anderson, Schwab & Martinez, 2014).
References
Anderson, K. N., Schwab, R. B., & Martinez, M. E. (2014). Reproductive risk factors and breast cancer subtypes: a review of the literature. Breast cancer research and treatment, 144(1), 1-10.
Chan, D. S. M., Vieira, A. R., Aune, D., Bandera, E. V., Greenwood, D. C., McTiernan, A., … & Norat, T. (2014). Body mass index and survival in women with breast cancer—systematic literature review and meta-analysis of 82 follow-up studies. Annals of Oncology, mdu042.
Col, N. F., Ochs, L., Springmann, V., Aragaki, A. K., & Chlebowski, R. T. (2012). Metformin and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis and critical literature review. Breast cancer research and treatment, 135(3), 639-646.
Harder, H., Parlour, L., & Jenkins, V. (2012). Randomised controlled trials of yoga interventions for women with breast cancer: a systematic literature review. Supportive care in cancer, 20(12), 3055-3064.
Puliti, D., Duffy, S. W., Miccinesi, G., De Koning, H., Lynge, E., Zappa, M., & Paci, E. (2012). Overdiagnosis in mammographic screening for breast cancer in Europe: a literature review. Journal of medical screening, 19(suppl 1), 42-56.
Wolff, A. C., Hammond, M. E. H., Hicks, D. G., Dowsett, M., McShane, L. M., Allison, K. H., … & Hanna, W. (2013). Recommendations for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing in breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists clinical practice guideline update. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 138(2), 241-256.